be made of 用……制造的; 由组成; 由…所组成; 由……制成(看得出原材料); 由……制成的; 由…组成,由…构成; 由制成(看出材料)
made adj. 1.…制的,(人工)做成的;拼成的。 2.体格…的。 3.保证成功的。 4.虚构的。 foreign-made [ready-made] clothes 外国做的[现成的]衣服。 made land [ground] 填筑地。 a made story 编造出来的故事。 He is made of money. 他很有钱。 a made dish 杂烩。 well-made体格好的。 a made man 成功者。 be made from 由…制成的。 be made of …制的,用…制成的。 made up of 由…组成。
I believe it a more rational mode of law - making to give priority to enacted law with judge - made law as supplement 我认为,采取以制定法为主以法官造法为辅才是一种比较合理造法模式。
However , the complicated proceedings needed in enacted law also lead to lower efficiency compared with judge - made law 但是,也正因为立法者造法需要通过复杂的程序来集思广益,所以效率比较低;而司法者造法的效率则比较高。
In general , judge - made law is also called judiciary - made law , case law and unwritten law , which means judicial functionaries formulate laws applied to individual cases by adjudicating specific lawsuits 法官造法通常也称为“司法者造法” 、 “判例法”或“不成文法” ,是指由司法人员通过审判具体案件而制定出适用于个案的法律。
If judges can create laws at will beyond or even discarding the spirits and principles of present laws , authority - exceeding as far as arbitrariness of judicature will occur , which over - magnifies the power of judges with civil rights open to the threats of new judge - made law all the time 如果法官可以超越甚至抛弃现行法律的精神和原则,随心所欲地创造法律,那就会导致司法越权甚至司法专横,这将会使法官的权力过大而使公民的权利随时面临着法官新造之法的威胁。
Because of the common law tradition , american law comes from four basic sources : the federal and state constitutions , statutes made by the united states congress and the legislatures of the various states , case law or judge - made law ( uncodified law based on judicial decisions ) , and rules and decisions formulated by administrative agencies collectively known as administrative law 由于普通法系统的传统,美国法律有4个基本来源:联邦和州宪法,美国国会和各州议会通过的成文法,判例法或者说法官制定的法律(基于法院判决的不成文法) ,以及统称为行政法的由各行政机关制定的规则和决议。
Enacted law helps to maintain the universal applicability and relative stability of law , the respect of which is the general conditions of the whole society , while judge - made law takes more advantages in particular and flexible applicability of law , focusing on specific situations of individual cases 制定法的着眼点是全社会的普遍情况,因此有利于保障法律的普遍适用性和相对稳定性;而法官造法的着眼点是个案的具体情况,因此可以更好地保障法律的个别适用性和灵活适用性。
. firstlv we should exert the ability of judge to overcome the shortage of positive law , and aeeepl judge - made law . secondly we should absorb the law development mode of precedent in the case that we are lack of enough positive law . thirdly for the sack of the aim ruled by law , we should set up the authority of judge 在法官拥有个案解释后不可避免的会产生创造性的适用法律,我们可在最高人民法院院设立判例委员会,通过法定的程序将这部分案例上升为判例,使其产生法的效力,对今后法官审理相同或类似的案件产生拘束力。